Mots-clés
thermoregulation
milk production
genetic selection
climate change
livestock management
Comment citer
Résumé
Heat stress is an increasingly critical challenge in cattle production, exacerbated by global climate change and a rising ambient temperature. This review explores the multifaceted impacts of heat stress on cattle, highlighting its effects on thermoregulation, metabolism, reproductive efficiency, milk production, growth performance, and overall animal welfare. Physiological and cellular mechanisms involved in heat stress response, including behavioral adaptations and the role of heat shock proteins, are also discussed in detail. The review also examined current mitigation strategies, such as environmental modifications, nutritional management, hormonal interventions, and assisted reproductive technologies. Special emphasis is placed on genetic strategies for improving thermotolerance, including the use of heat-adapted breeds, genomic selection, and identification of key molecular markers. While considerable progress has been made, challenges such as genetic antagonisms and limited resources in arid zones continue to hinder large-scale implementation. Integrating genetic selection with sustainable management practices offers a viable path toward improving cattle resilience and productivity under heat stress conditions.
Références
Abdin, Z., & Khatoon, R. (2013). Role of vitamins in mitigating heat stress in animals. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 9(1), 15–20.
Abdollahi, S., Ghaffari, M. H., and Dario, C. (2019). Influence of heat stress on productive and reproductive traits in dairy cows: A review. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 18(1), 194–200.
Alamer, M. (2011). The role of heat shock proteins in the heat stress response of sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 100(1), 1–9.
Al-Katanani, Y. M., Webb, D. W., & Hansen, P. J. (2002). Factors affecting seasonal variation in 90-day nonreturn rate to first service in lactating Holstein cows. Theriogenology, 58(3), 513–526.
Archana, P. R., Sejian, V., Bagath, M., Krishnan, G., Bhatta, R. (2020). Heat stress and livestock adaptation: Role of genetic and epigenetic factors. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(2), 287–300.
Belhadj Slimen, I., Najar, T., Ghram, A., Dabbebi, H., Mrad, M. B., & Abdrabbah, M. (2019). Reactive oxygen species, heat stress and oxidative-induced mitochondrial damage. A Review. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 35(1), 84–93.
Brito, L. F. C., Silva, A. E. D. F., Rodrigues, L. H., Vieira, F. V., Deragon, L. A. G., & Kastelic, J. P. (2004). Effects of environmental factors, age and genotype on sperm production and semen quality in Bos indicus and Bos taurus AI bulls in Brazil. Animal Reproduction Science,
(1–2), 165–182.
Brown-Brandl, T. M., Eigenberg, R. A., Nienaber, J. A., & Hahn, G. L. (2006). Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, Part 2: Predictive relationships. Biosystems Engineering, 91(1), 111–118.
Buffington, D. E., Collazo-Arocho, A., Canton, G. H., Pitt, D., Thatcher, W. W., & Collier, R. J. (2003). Black globe humidity index (BGHI) as comfort equation for dairy cows. Transactions of the ASAE, 24(3), 711–714.
Burrow, H. M. (2001). Variances and covariances between productive and adaptive traits and temperament in a composite breed of tropical beef cattle. Livestock Production Science, 70(3), 213–233.
Cánovas, A., Bassel, L. L., Marques, E. K., & Suárez-Vega, A. (2022). Transcriptomic insights into heat-stress responses in dairy cattle. Scientific Reports, 12, 1356. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05351-4
Chebel, R. C., Al-Hassan, M. J., Fricke, P. M., Martel, C. A., Stevenson, J. S., Garcia, R., & Santos, J. E. P. (2004). Supplementation of human chorionic gonadotropin to progesterone-based estrous synchronization protocols in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(7),
–2495.
Cheruiyot, E. K., Bett, R. C., Amimo, J. O., & Mujibi, F. D. N. (2018). Genotype by environment interaction and genetic parameters of milk production traits in Kenyan Holstein cattle. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50, 1089–1096.
Collier, R. J., & Collier, J. L. (2017). Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Physiology and Management. Nature Scientific Reports. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01120-9
Collier, R. J., Baumgard, L. H., Zimbelman, R. B., & Xiao, Y. (2019). Heat stress: Physiology of acclimation and adaptation. Animal Frontiers, 9(1), 12–19.
Collier, R. J., Baumgard, L. H., Zimbelman, R. B., & Xiao, Y. (2021). Heat stress: Physiology of acclimation and adaptation. Animal Frontiers, 11(1), 12–18.
Collier, R. J., Dahl, G. E., & VanBaale, M. J. (2006). Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(4), 1244–1253.
Collier, R. J., Hall, L. W., Rungruang, S., & Zimbleman, R. B. (2008). Quantifying heat stress and its impact on metabolism and performance. Journal of Animal Science, 86(14_suppl), E35–E44.
Collier, Robert James; Baumgard, Lance H.; Zimbelman, Richard B.; & Xiao, Yao. (2021). Heat stress: Physiology of acclimation and adaptation. Animal Frontiers, 11(1), 12–18.
Creagh, E. M., Sheehan, D., & Cotter, T. G. (2000). Heat shock proteins—modulators of apoptosis in tumour cells. Leukemia, 14(7), 1161–1173.
da Silva, R. G., La Scala Jr, N., & Tonhati, H. (2003). Radiative properties of the skin and hair-coat of cattle and other animals. Transactions of the ASAE, 46(3), 913.
da Silva, R. G., Maia, A. S. C., & Loureiro, C. M. B. (2023). Effects of heat stress on physiological traits and blood biochemical parameters in dairy cattle. Animals, 13(3), 514.
da Silva, R. G., Maia, A. S. C., de Macedo, C. M., & Tonhati, H. (2020). Genetic aspects of thermoregulation in cattle. Animal, 14(2), 260–269.
Dahl, G. E., & Holub, G. (2022). Stop Heat Stress from Draining Your Profits (Q&A). Phibro Animal Health Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.pahc.com/omnigen/stop-heat-stress-from-draining-your-profits-qa/PAHC+1Feed & Additive Magazine+1
Dash, S., Chakravarty, A. K., Singh, A., Upadhyay, A., Singh, M., & Yousuf, S. (2016). Effect of heat stress on reproductive performances of dairy cattle and buffaloes: A review. Veterinary World, 9(3), 235–244.
Dikmen, S., & Hansen, P. J. (2009). Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment? Journal of Dairy Science, 92(1), 109–116.
Dikmen, S., Martins, L. R., Pontes, E., Hansen, P. J. (2018). Genomic approaches for identifying heat tolerance in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 4442–4458.
FAO. (2015). The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments.
Finch, V. A. (1986). Body temperature in beef cattle: Its control and relevance to production in the tropics. Journal of Animal Science, 62(2), 531–542.
Garner, James Bryan; Douglas, Michelle Lee; Williams, Sarah Rebecca Oswin; Wales, William John; Marett, Leah Cathryn; Nguyen, Thanh
Ho; & Hayes, Ben John. (2020). Genomic selection improves heat tolerance in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(5), 4123–4132.
Hammami, Hamdi; Rekik, Béchir; & Gengler, Nicolas. (2022). Meta-analysis of temperature–humidity index and its effect on dairy cow milk yield: A global perspective. Animal, 16(5), 100493.
Hansen, P. J. (2004). Physiological and cellular adaptations of zebu cattle to thermal stress. Animal Reproduction Science, 82–83, 349–360.
Hansen, P. J. (2009). Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1534), 3341–3350.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2022). Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2023). Climate change and heatwaves. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved from https://public.wmo.int/content/climate-change-and-heatwavesWorld Meteorological Organization
Islam, M.A., Lomax, S., Doughty, A.K., Islam, M.R., Thomson, P.C. (2021). Revealing the diversity in cattle behavioral response to high environmental heat using accelerometer-based ear tag sensors. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 191, 106511.
Jaattela, M. (1999). Heat shock proteins as cellular lifeguards. Annals of Medicine, 31(4), 261–271.
Kiros, T. G., van der Meer, F., Tesfaye, D., & Hoelker, M. (2021). Effects of heat stress on cattle immunity and management strategies for mitigation. BMC Veterinary Research, 17(1), 364.
Lees, A. M., Gaughan, J. B., & Lees, J. C. (2020). Managing heat stress in feedlot cattle: A review of strategies for mitigation and outcomes. Animals, 10(8), 1402.
Lindquist, S. (1993). The heat-shock response. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 62(1), 1151–1191.
Liu, F., Cinar, M. U., & Tesfaye, D. (2019). Heat stress-related suppression of immune function in cattle. International Journal of Biometeorology, 63(7), 945–957.
López, María Guadalupe; Rodriguez, Maria Lorena; Ramos, Juan Cristóbal; Pérez, Manuel Alfredo; & Chavez, Edgar. (2021). Gut health in dairy cattle under heat stress. Journal of Dairy Research, 88, 243–249.
Lyles, J. L., & Calvo-Lorenzo, M. S. (2014). Billions of bacteria: The microbiome in cattle production. Animal Frontiers, 4(1), 30–36.
Ma, Y., Niu, J., Xiao, Y., & Ren, D. (2019). Effects of heat stress on physiological and biochemical parameters in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Research and Nutrition, 4(1), 1–8.
Mader, T. L. (2014). Impact of environmental stress on feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 92(2), 403–409.
Mader, T. L., Johnson, L. J., & Gaughan, J. B. (2010). A comprehensive index for assessing environmental stress in animals. Journal of Animal Science, 88(6), 2153–2165.
Masoumi, R., & Derensis, F. (2013). The effect of heat stress on reproductive performance of dairy cattle: A review. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 1(11), 1431–1437.
Min, L., Cheng, J. B., Shi, B. L., Yang, H. J., Zheng, N., Xu, X. M., & Wang, J. Q. (2017). Effects of heat stress on serum metabolites in dairy cows: A metabolomics study. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(8), 5993–6000.
Mishra, S. R., Palai, T. K., & Behera, P. C. (2013). Thermal stress impact on reproductive performances of dairy animals: A review. International Journal of Livestock Research, 3(2), 76–82.
Mokhtari, Mohammad Sadegh; Vahidi, Shapour M.; Hosseini, Amir Hadi; & Foroutan, Amir Hossein. (2022). Sperm DNA damage in bulls exposed to heat stress: A meta-analysis. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 57(3), 390–399.
Moreira, R., & Rodrigues, P. H. (2015). Effects of heat stress on reproductive performance of bulls. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 3(1), 1–6.
Morton, J. F. (2007). The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19680–19685.
Nardone, A., Ronchi, B., Lacetera, N., Ranieri, M. S., & Bernabucci, U. (2010). Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livestock Science, 130(1), 57–69.
Nichi, M., Bols, P. E. J., Züge, R. M., Barnabe, V. H., Goovaerts, I. G. F., Barnabe, R. C., & Cortada, C. N. M. (2006). Seasonal variation in semen quality in Bos indicus and Bos taurus bulls raised under tropical conditions. Theriogenology, 66(4), 822–828.
North, M.A., Franke, J.A., Ouweneel, B., & Trisos, C.H. (2023). Global risk of heat stress to cattle from climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 18(9), 094027.
Nutrinews. (2024). Feeding for high milk quality in dairy cows under heat stress. Retrieved from https://nutrinews.com/en/feeding-for-high-milk-quality-in-dairy-cows-under-heat-stress/
Olson, T. A., Lucena, C., Chase, C. C., & Hammond, A. C. (2003). Evidence of a major gene influencing hair length and heat tolerance in Bos taurus cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 81(1), 80–90.
Ozawa, M., Tabayashi, D., Kusaba, Y., & Okuda, K. (2005). Alterations in follicular dynamics and steroid hormone profiles in heifers exposed to high environmental temperature. Reproduction, 129(5), 621–630.
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., & Lewis, S. C. (2020). Increasing trends in regional heatwaves. Environmental Research Letters, 15(5), 054003. Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/acfb23IOPscience
Polsky, L., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2017). Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(11), 8645–8657.
Pomarico, C. A., Carvalho, B. C., Lima, M. L. P., et al. (2023). Behavioral changes in cattle under high heat stress in tropical environments. Frontiers in Animal Science, 4,
Pomarico, Carlos Augusto; Carvalho, Bruno César; Lima, Maria Lívia Pereira; Fonseca, Natália da Silva; Cardoso, Rayanne Pimentel; & de Almeida, Amanda Oliveira. (2023). Behavioral changes in cattle under high heat stress in tropical environments. Frontiers in Animal Science, 4, Article 1169743.
Poudel, A., Singh, R. R., & Sirohi, R. (2023). Heat stress effects on behavior and performance in dairy animals: A review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 23(1), 89–96.
Rashamol, V. P., Sejian, V., Bagath, M., Krishnan, G., Archana, P. R., & Bhatta, R. (2021). Heat stress and cow reproduction: A review. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53, 1–11.
Rege, J. E. O., Marshall, K., Notenbaert, A., Ojango, J. M., & Okeyo, A. M. (2011). Pro-poor animal improvement and breeding—what can science do? Livestock Science, 136(1), 15–28.
Renaudeau, D., Gourdine, J. L., & St-Pierre, N. R. (2023). Effects of heat stress on immunity and health in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 106(4), 2658–2670.
Rojas-Downing, M. M., Nejadhashemi, A. P., Harrigan, T., & Woznicki, S. A. (2017). Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management, 16, 145–163.
Roth, Z., Arav, A., Bor, A., Zeron, Y., & Wolfenson, D. (2000). Improvement of quality of oocytes collected in the autumn by enhanced removal of impaired follicles from previously heat-stressed cows. Reproduction, 120(3), 365–375.
Ruediger, K. D., Barreiro, A. M., & Siqueira, G. R. (2016). Effect of thermal stress on libido and semen characteristics in bulls: A review. Animal Reproduction, 13(4), 323–329.
Samal, L. (2013). Use of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) for improvement of fertility in dairy animals: A review. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 83(2), 117–122.
Sejian, V., Bhatta, R., Gaughan, J. B., Dunshea, F. R., & Lal, R. (2018). Review: Adaptation of animals to heat stress. Animal, 12(S2), s431–s444.
Sejian, V., Lees, A. M., Gaughan, J. B., & Pragna, P. (2022). Climate change and its impact on livestock: Adaptation and mitigation strategies. Animal Frontiers, 12(3), 19–28.
Silankove, N. (1994). The struggle to maintain hydration and osmoregulation in animals experiencing severe dehydration and rapid rehydration: The story of ruminants. Experimental Physiology, 79(3), 281–300.
Silpa, M., Sejian, V., & Bhatta, R. (2023). Heat stress and its impact on feed intake, rumination, and productivity in dairy cattle: A comprehensive review. Animals, 13(16), 2444.
Silpa, Meenakshi; Sejian, Veerasamy; & Bhatta, Raghavendra. (2023). Heat stress and its impact on feed intake, rumination, and productivity in dairy cattle: A comprehensive review. Animals, 13(16), 2444.
Singh, Rajiv; Ahlawat, Ajay; Kumar, Vipin; & Patel, Rajesh K. (2022). Solar shade structures improve thermoregulation and milk yield in dairy cows. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 37(3), 254–262.
Silva, R. G., & Lima, F. R. (2024). Proteomic identification of potential biomarkers for heat tolerance in Caracu beef cattle using high and low thermotolerant groups. BMC Genomics, 25, 1079.
Smith, J. A., & Johnson, M. E. (2024). Mitochondrial response to heat stress and its implications on dairy cattle bioenergetics, metabolism, and production. Journal of Dairy Science, 107(5), 4567–4578.
Spiers, D. E., Spain, J. N., Sampson, J. D., & Rhoads, R. P. (2004). Use of physiological parameters to predict milk yield and feed intake in heat-stressed dairy cows. Journal of Thermal Biology, 29(7–8), 759–764.
Staples, C. R., Thatcher, W. W., & Clark, J. H. (1998). Relationship between ovarian function and plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(3), 718–728.
Stewart, B. M., Block, J., Morelli, P., Navarette, A. E., Amstalden, M., Bonilla, L., Hansen, P. J., & Bilby, T. R. (2011). Efficacy of embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows during summer using fresh or vitrified embryos produced in vitro with sex-sorted semen. Journal of Dairy Science,
(7), 3437–3445.
Stewart, Benjamin M.; Block, Jaymie; Morelli, Pamela; Navarrete, Alexander E.; Amstalden, Marcelo; Bonilla, Laura; Hansen, Peter J.; & Bilby, Timothy R. (2021). Efficacy of embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows during summer using fresh or vitrified embryos produced in vitro with sex-sorted semen. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(7), 8117–8125.
Tao, S., & Dahl, G. E. (2020). Heat stress effects during late gestation on dry cows and their calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(8), 7565–7577.
Tao, S., Dahl, G. E., Laporta, J., Bernard, J. K., & Monteiro, A. P. A. (2020). Environmental management to improve animal performance and welfare. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 8, 231–252.
Thornton, P. K., van de Steeg, J., Notenbaert, A., & Herrero, M. (2009). The impact of climate change on livestock systems in developing countries: A review. Livestock Science, 120(1–2), 20–27.
Tian, Yan; Zhang, Shuo; Wang, Hui; & Liu, Haibo. (2021). Nutritional strategies for alleviating heat stress in dairy cattle: A review. Animals, 11(4), 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041145
VanRaden, P. M., Van Tassell, C. P., Wiggans, G. R., Sonstegard, T. S., Schnabel, R. D., Taylor, J. F., & Schenkel, F. S. (2009). Invited review: Reliability of genomic predictions for North American Holstein bulls. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(1), 16–24.
West, J. W. (1994). Interactions of energy and bovine somatotropin with heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science, 77(7), 2091–2102.
West, J. W. (2003). Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(6), 2131–2144.
Wolfenson, D., & Roth, Z. (2000). Impact of heat stress on cow reproduction and fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 60–61, 535–547.
Yang, G., Zhou, X., Chen, S., Liu, A., Liu, L., Wang, H., Wang, Q., & Lan, X. (2024). Effects of Heat Stress and Lipopolysaccharides on Gene Expression in Chicken Immune Cells. Animals, 14(4), 532.
Zhang, Hua; Wang, Xiaowen; Zhao, Yuting; & Li, Lei. (2023). Prospects of genome editing for thermotolerance in livestock. Frontiers in Genetics, 14, Article 1029983.
Zhang, X., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, H. (2023). Impact of Heat Stress on Blood, Production, and Physiological Indicators in Heat-Tolerant and Heat-Sensitive Dairy Cows. Animals, 13(16), 2562.
Zimbelman, R. B., Collier, R. J., & Baumgard, L. H. (2020). Impacts of climate on livestock and possible mitigation strategies. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 8, 423–448.